{"id":5552,"date":"2016-04-12T08:24:27","date_gmt":"2016-04-12T01:24:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hi88link.org\/?p=5552"},"modified":"2016-04-12T08:38:25","modified_gmt":"2016-04-12T01:38:25","slug":"goethe-schiller-thi-phap-the-loai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/2016\/04\/12\/goethe-schiller-thi-phap-the-loai\/","title":{"rendered":"GOETHE, SCHILLER \u2013 THI PH\u00c1P TH\u1ec2 LO\u1ea0I"},"content":{"rendered":"

GOETHE, SCHILLER \u2013 THI PH\u00c1P TH\u1ec2 LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/p>\n

* <\/sup>\u00a0T\u1ea4T TH\u1eaeNG<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft:<\/strong> Goethe (Johann Wolfgang Goethe 1749 – 1832). \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Goethe v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i ri\u00eang l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Goethe trong phong tr\u00e0o B\u00e3o t\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c V\u00e2y-ma \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Schiller (Friedrich Schiller 1759-1805).<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Goethe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng Schiller vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n V\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 thi ph\u00e1p s\u1eed thi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong> (1979). Theo Goethe v\u00e0 Schiller th\u00ec k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u1eed thi \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a:<\/strong> Goethe, Schiller, k\u1ecbch, thi ph\u00e1p, bi k\u1ecbch, c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong> Goethe (Johann Wolfgang Goethe 1749 – 1832) had made great contributions to drama study, especially in the field of dramatic poetics. Goethe’s friend, Schiller (Friedrich Schiller 1759-1805), was another great poet, playwright, and thinker of the Sturm und Drang movement and of Weimar Classicism. <\/em><\/p>\n

Goethe and Schiller had written what was for them a manifesto of poetics, “The Poetics of Dramas and Ancient Epics” (1799). According to them, drama and epics are similar in their recreation of reality, and only differ in their approaches. <\/em><\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong> Goethe, Schiller, drama, poetics, tragedy, ancient<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

*****<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft Goethe, Schiller nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang ta \u00edt bi\u1ebft hai t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i chung, thi ph\u00e1p k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i ri\u00eang.<\/li>\n
  2. Goethe (Johann Wolfgang Goethe 1749 – 1832). \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Goethe v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i ri\u00eang l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Goethe tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Song \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    01.1. \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u00e3o t\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng<\/em>, Goethe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao Bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Bi k\u1ecbch C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u1edbn lao, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Bi k\u1ecbch C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ([1]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Song Goethe l\u1ea1i coi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m trong k\u1ecbch c\u1ee9 y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1ed3 ch\u00f4n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec y nh\u01b0 xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ([2]<\/a>)<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p, Goethe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao Shakespeare, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Shakespeare \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o k\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn lao, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 “S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Shakespeare, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm, c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta” ([3]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

    Trong k\u1ecbch Shakespeare, Goethe th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i <\/em>v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Goethe r\u1ea5t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Shakespeare l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Goethe xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c (ta nh\u1edb l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn gia c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i <\/em>th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh Goethe \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1edf Hamlet<\/em>: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ecbch Hamlet<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    01.2. Khi k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi Schiller, Goethe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng Schiller vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n V\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 thi ph\u00e1p s\u1eed thi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/em>(1979). Theo Goethe v\u00e0 Schiller th\u00ec k\u1ecbch <\/em>v\u00e0 s\u1eed thi \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o <\/em>hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c <\/em>t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 S\u1eed thi th\u00ec t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 <\/em>ho\u1eb7c k\u1ec3<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi “m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng” s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 anh ta bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n <\/em>tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. Anh ta tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra<\/em>, anh ta \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay (temp present) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, Goethe v\u00e0 Schiller \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u1eed thi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    S\u1eed thi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 h\u00f3a<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00f3i chung<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xa m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m <\/em>c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

    T\u1ef1 do mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u0103m chi\u00eau suy ngh\u0129 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/td>\n

    		K\u1ecbch<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111au kh\u1ed5 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/p>\n

    \u0110i v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm<\/p>\n

    T\u1eadp trung, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n

    K\u00ecm h\u00e3m <\/em>h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng k\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/p>\n

    B\u1ecb c\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem v\u00ec nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 qu\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u00f4i <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i ([4]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c V\u00e2y – ma.<\/em><\/p>\n

    01.3. \u0110i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1i linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/em>, Goethe r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf trong nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf k\u1ecbch C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, xung \u0111\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, c\u00f2n \u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n <\/em>(ta nh\u1edb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>c\u1ee7a Aristotle) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i <\/em>\u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3 Bi k\u1ecbch C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. C\u00f2n \u00fd ch\u00ed <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5<\/em>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00fd ch\u00ed (\u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n) v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i n\u1ee5 m\u1ea7m cho nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch l\u1edbn. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n <\/em>th\u00ec l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Bi k\u1ecbch m\u1edbi<\/em>. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1ng hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Shakespeare. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 “m\u1ed1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra do m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5<\/em>, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, v\u1eaby g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng” ([5]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong k\u1ecbch, Goethe \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n <\/em>v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7<\/em>. X\u00e9t cho s\u00e2u h\u01a1n th\u00ec Goethe ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i \u00fd ch\u00ed si\u00eau c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, n\u00f3 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Goethe g\u1eafn \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, Goethe \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau, v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

    01.4. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Goethe \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1eed thi, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, k\u1ecbch, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u <\/em>th\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i s\u1eed thi, c\u00e1i n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i <\/em>s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh h\u00f3a<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a<\/em>. S\u1eed thi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 s\u1eed thi. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn <\/em>trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 vang <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn tai \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng? T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng nghe th\u1ea5y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec k\u1ecbch <\/em>l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c k\u1ecbch, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung trong t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, k\u1ecbch \u2013 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 xem <\/em>v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ([6]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Goethe \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ecbch Shakespeare l\u00e0 k\u1ecbch thi ca, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu Shakespeare h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, c\u00f2n tham gia v\u00e0o s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, v\u1edbi Shakespeare, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Goethe cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong k\u1ecbch Shakespeare m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Shakespeare. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Goethe v\u1ec1 Shakespeare. Goethe cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u00ednh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, k\u1ecbch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng lu\u00f4n ([7]<\/a>)<\/sup>. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Goethe gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Phaost<\/em>: Goethe cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 k\u1ecbch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u th\u00ec Shakespeare kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Shakespeare, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c \u1edf k\u1ecbch Shakespeare, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ([8]<\/a>)<\/sup>. V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi l\u00e0 Goethe \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong k\u1ecbch Shakespeare. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Shakespeare ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee5c b\u1ec7 “tr\u1ed1ng” tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “quy \u01b0\u1edbc” (\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7) m\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n xanh kia l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u0129nh m\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5i k\u00e8n l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Shakespeare c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u00fd th\u00fa, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mua vui cho kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a trang \u0111eo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee9 \u0111i l\u00ean, \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng, l\u00f9i v\u1ec1 sau, ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, \u0111i ra xa\u2026 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem cho s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, l\u00fac th\u00ec l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00fac th\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng ([9]<\/a>)<\/sup>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 thi ca, t\u1ee9c k\u1ecbch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng Goethe tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p k\u1ecbch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng cho k\u1ecbch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/em>. \u00d4ng suy ngh\u0129: “Vi\u1ebft cho s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, ai kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00fd th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00fd th\u00fa c\u1ea3 khi anh xem n\u00f3 tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ea3. V\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3i khi anh \u0111\u1ecdc <\/em>n\u00f3, v\u00e0 khi anh m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean b\u1ee5c g\u1ed7 th\u00ec h\u00f3a ra n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m anh ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean trang s\u00e1ch th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fac ra s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u xem n\u00f3, anh l\u1ea1i th\u1edd \u01a1, t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t. Th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5y, vi\u1ebft cho s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 <\/em>\u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u00e0 ta n\u00ean bi\u1ebft<\/em>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i. Bi\u1ebft ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3, hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ea3 ([10]<\/a>)<\/sup>. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u<\/em>? Goethe \u0111\u00e1p: N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng<\/em>; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a <\/em>ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u00e0n sau c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n<\/em>. Theo Goethe, Tartuffe <\/em>c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re l\u00e0 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. M\u00e0n giao \u0111\u00e3i <\/em>do \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t hay. \u1ede Tartuffe <\/em>r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u nan” n\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Calder\u00f3n (nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch T\u00e2y Ban Nha) c\u0169ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

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    1. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Goethe trong phong tr\u00e0o B\u00e3o t\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c V\u00e2y-ma \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Schiller <\/em>(Friedrich Schiller 1759-1805).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      02.1. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u00e3o t\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng<\/em>, Schiller \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u0103n: V\u1ec1 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0110\u1ee9c h\u00f4m nay <\/em>(1782) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <\/em>(1784) ([11]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean, Schiller \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: “C\u00e1i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0nh m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft. Khi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u00e0y x\u00e9o b\u1edfi c\u00e1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, khi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m, khi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u gi\u01a1 cao l\u00ean thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1n c\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00f4i c\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0nh m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a h\u00e3i h\u00f9ng (\u2026). H\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u xa t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u00f2n d\u1ed3n \u1ee9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u00f2a \u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t th\u00ec s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ra tay, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n v\u1ea1n c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m im trong l\u1eb7ng thinh v\u00e0 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1i c\u00e1n c\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd th\u00ec s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ([12]<\/a>)<\/sup>. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, Schiller th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c: “H\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u01a1 quan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, trong qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda nh\u1eefng kho b\u00e1u v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” ([13]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Theo \u00f4ng, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: “S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ed3n ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tia m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 lan \u0111i, t\u1ecfa ra kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m trong s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n s\u1ebd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 lan \u0111i kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e3 man, d\u1ecb \u0111oan, m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i s\u1ebd lan \u0111i, \u0111\u00eam l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng” ([14]<\/a>)<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi Schiller cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “t\u1eeb s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t minh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 xem vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd” ([15]<\/a>)<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, Schiller cho r\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. K\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i “\u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u00f5 ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, m\u1ecdi giai c\u1ea5p” ([16]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

      02.2. M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Schiller l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m <\/em>c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Bi k\u1ecbch (ta nh\u1edb lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Aristotle). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt <\/em>v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c<\/em>. S\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c<\/em>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>. C\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/em>. S\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 – S\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00edch th\u00fa<\/em>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y x\u00e9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

      – Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0m ta rung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u0111au kh\u1ed5). Do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ta th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

      – K\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec c\u00e0ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd x\u00e9t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n cho ta. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u1ea5y \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00e1c: b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2n gi\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Schiller \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1ed1i cao, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>, n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y anh ta \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 khi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd c\u1ea3. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Schiller \u0111\u00e3 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i cao, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i cao, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ([17]<\/a>) <\/sup>v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng bi k\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Bi k\u1ecbch c\u00f2n kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i \u1edf ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1edd n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ([18]<\/a>)<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cho s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Schiller vi\u1ebft: “B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 hi sinh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, hi sinh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd b\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng hi sinh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi sinh tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi sinh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ([19]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c: ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i <\/em>v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong Bi k\u1ecbch. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0103n n\u0103n h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn<\/em>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u ma ch\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ta th\u00edch th\u00fa khi ta ch\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t <\/em>s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ef7 m\u01b0u ma \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng, Schiller \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Macbeth, Iago trong k\u1ecbch Shakespeare v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Franx Mor trong k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Schiller: Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp<\/em>. C\u00f2n n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nh\u1ecf nhen, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Theo Schiller, Lear trong bi k\u1ecbch Vua Lear<\/em> c\u1ee7a Shakespeare \u0111\u00fang ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt bi k\u1ecbch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i bi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. Theo Schiller, bi k\u1ecbch cao c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y n\u00ean h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Le Cid <\/em>c\u1ee7a Corneille l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt R\u00f4\u0111rig\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c chi ph\u1ed1i, song n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Simen.<\/p>\n

      V\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i cao, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i cao \u1ea5y <\/em>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i cao c\u1ea3<\/em>, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Bi k\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

      _____________________________<\/p>\n

      * <\/sup>PGS, \u00a0T\u1ea4T TH\u1eaeNG – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u2013 \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Anhikst (T\u1ea5t Th\u1eafng d\u1ecbch) (2003), L\u00fd lu\u1eadn k\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Arist\u00f4t \u0111\u1ebfn Lessin<\/em>, B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, NXB V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tr. 634 – 666.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        (s\u1ed1 9, th\u00e1ng 3\/2016)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        <\/a>([1])<\/sup> Goethe \u2013 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m 30. TOM T.IO.M 1937, tr. 382.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([2])<\/sup> S\u0111d, tr. 382.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([3]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 383.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([4]) <\/sup>\u00a0S\u0111d, tr. 411.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([5]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 588.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([6]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 591.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([7])<\/sup> S\u0111d, tr. 591.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([8]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 593.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([9]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, \u00a0tr. 193.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([10]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, \u00a0tr. 193.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([11])<\/sup> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a IOEkkerman tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Goethe, M. 1932, tr. 418.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([12]) <\/sup>Schiller – C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 M\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc, M. 1955, tr. 17.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([13]) <\/sup>S\u0111d (m\u1ee5c 12), tr. 17.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([14]) <\/sup>S\u0111d (m\u1ee5c 12), tr. 17.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([15] <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 21 – 22.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([16]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 22.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([17])<\/sup> S\u0111d, tr. 23.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([18]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 57.<\/p>\n

        <\/a>([19]) <\/sup>S\u0111d, tr. 57.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        GOETHE, SCHILLER \u2013 THI PH\u00c1P TH\u1ec2 LO\u1ea0I * \u00a0T\u1ea4T TH\u1eaeNG T\u00f3m t\u1eaft: Goethe (Johann Wolfgang Goethe 1749 – 1832). \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Goethe v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i ri\u00eang l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng […]\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5552"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5552"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5552\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hi88link.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}